The Irish Traditional Music Archive (ITMA) is committed to providing free, universal access to the rich cultural tradition of Irish music, song and dance. If you’re able, we’d love for you to consider a donation. Any level of support will help us preserve and grow this tradition for future generations.
Stories and Songs of the Road, vol. 1 is a collection of audio recordings, collected from Irish Travellers, which was first published on cassette tape in 1992.
The album is comprised of highlights selected from field recordings made by Niall Ó Murchadha between 1989-1991.
The recordings were made with Travellers residing primarily in Tuam and Hillside Park, Ballybane, Co. Galway.
This fantastic collection of Traveller stories, songs, language and folklore has been long of out print and ITMA is delighted, in conjunction with the Galway Traveller Movement and the Misleór Festival of Nomadic Cultures to make these recordings more widely available again.
We also wish to express our thanks to Niall Ó Murchadha and the families of the performers for granting ITMA permission to make the recordings accessible through our website.
Below is Niall Ó Murchadha’s personal story of how he first became interested in Traveller culture, and in particular the Traveller language Cant/Gammon, which led him to make these important recordings.
Is féidir liom a rá le fírinne gur chuireas spéis ó aimsir m’óige sa dream sin daoine a dtugtaí tincéirí/stánadóirí/gaibhne geala orthu tráth, ach a dtugtar Lucht Siúil orthu sa lá atá inniu ann.
Tógadh mé i gceantar iargúlta tuaithe in oirthear Cho. an Chláir agus ar cheann de na hócáidí ba mhó a thugadh taitneamh dom i gcaitheamh na mblianta bhí an teacht ar cuairt ar an áit a thug dhá dhream siúil ina seal. Lonnaídís ar láithreán foscúil cluthar gar don teach s’againne.
Don ghasúr óg nárbh eol dó ach saol na feirmeoireachta i gceantar cúng bhain draíocht agus mistéir leis na daoine aduaine seo. Cérbh as a dtáinig siad agus cá raibh a dtriall nuair a aslonnaídís tar éis cúpla lá a chaitheamh in ár measc? Bhain saoirse agus rómánsaíocht lena gcarbháin dhaite agus lena bpubaill ísle agus leis na nósanna neamhspleácha difriúla a bhí mar shainchomharthaí acu.
Ach bhí clann siúil amháin díobh a gcuirinn fáilte ar leith rompu agus ba é sin i ngeall ar bhuachaill áirithe díobh a bhí ar chomhaois liom féin ar fhás cairdeas docht eadrainn. Agus is trí mheán na hiománaíochta a tharla sé sin go príomha.
Níor thúisce tagtha don dream seo ná b’shiúd don bheirt againn, Máirtín agus mé féin, ag pocáil sliotair agus ag coibhlint le chéile. Ansin d’eagraítí cluichí i measc iománaithe óga na háite, agus ba é an gasúr siúil úd laoch na himeartha i gcónaí. Ba aige a bhí an camán a b’fhearr freisin.
Is mar sin a bhíodh an scéal go dtí go rabhas im dhéagóir nuair a bhraitheas easnamh i mo shaol de bhrí nár tharla cuairt leathbhliantúil mo chara siúil. Agus cé go ndearna mé fiosrúcháin faoi chomh leitheadach agus a bhí ar mo chumas theip glan orm tásc ná tuairisc a aimsiú riamh air. Ba mhór an briseadh é sin dom.
Ar aghaidh linn roinnt blianta: oiliúint mar mhúinteoir bunscoile curtha orm, mé pósta le bean as Co. Liatroma agus muirín orainn, nuair a ceapadh me i mo phríomhoide i Scoil Iognáid, scoil lán-Ghaeilge i gCathair na Gaillimhe. Rang a 6 a bhí mar chúram teagaisc agam agus ar na daltaí sin bhí buachaill darbh ainm Éamonn Mac a’ Bháird, nó Éamonn Ward mar a baisteadh air.
Lá amháin, agus lá nach ndéanfaidh mé dearmad air go deo, ní cuimhin liom cén t-ábhar a bhí faoi chaibidil againn, nuair a chuir Éamonn lámh in airde – agus ní le ceist a chur ach le heolas a roinnt. B’oscailt intinne domsa agus don rang uile é nuair a d’inis Éamonn dúinn, seachas an Ghaeilge a bhí mar mheán teagaisc sa scoil agus go raibh a theanga féin aige.
Baineadh preab asainn go léir ar a chloisteáil sin dúinn – ógánach siúil a raibh cónaí air cois claí i gcarbhán nó puball agus an tríú teanga aige – rud nach mbeadh ag na daltaí eile go dtí go dtosóidís ar an meánscolaíocht.
Mar fhreagra ar mo cheist, mhínigh sé go raibh a shainteanga cosúil ar bhealach leis an nGaeilge; mar shampla, a dúirt sé, an t-ainmhí a dtugtar ‘madra’ air i nGaeilge, tugtar ‘camra’ air i gcanúint an Lucht Siúil. Nuair a scríobhas an dá fhocal ‘madra’ agus ‘camra’ ar an gclárdubh, níorbh fhada do na daltaí socraithe – iad siúd a bhí lonnaithe i dtithe – na cosúlachtaí agus na difríochtaí a thabhairt faoi deara .i. aistriú na fuaime ‘m’ ó thús an fhocail go dtí an lár, mar aon leis an bhfuaim nua ‘c’ a chur chun tosaigh.
D’iarr muid ar Éamonn samplaí eile den teanga aisteach sin a thabhairt dúinn. Ach seachas an focal ‘leaicín’ ar ‘cailín’ na Gaeilge a lua, ní raibh sé sásta a thuilleadh eolais a roinnt orainn de bhrí, mar a dúirt sé, go raibh crosta air a leithéid a dhéanamh le tuathánaigh nó ‘country shams’. Ba theanga chumarsáide rúnda í a bhí ag an Lucht Siúil lena húsáid ina measc féin amháin.
Ar ndóigh níor chuireas brú ar bith air é sin a dhéanamh ach a iarraidh air a rá lena thuismitheoirí go mba bhreá liom píosa cainte a bheith agam leo dá m’áil leo sin. Tháinig máthair Éamoinn chun na scoile lá ar na mhárach agus i ndiaidh an scéal a phlé léi agus lena fear céile, mhol siad dom dul chun cainte le Edward Ward, uncail le hÉamonn, mar gur aige a bheadh an cur amach a b’fhearr ar an gCeant, béarlagair rúnda an Lucht Siúil.
Bhí an t-ádh dearg orm aithne a chur ar Edward, mar chomh maith leis an tuiscint leitheadach a bhí aige ar an gCeant agus ar shaol agus shaíocht agus ceardaíocht an L.S., ba dhuine é a raibh suim aige i ngach gné d’imeachtaí áitiúla agus náisiúnta. D’éirigh muid fíorchairdiúil agus ceanúil ar a chéile agus is ábhar dóláis buan dom nach bhfaca sé an toradh ar an síol a chuir sé féin agus a nia, Éamonn, breis is dhá scór bliain ó sin. Go raibh solas na bhflaitheas aige, ag a bhean uasal Bidí agus ag chuile dhuine den L.S. ar chas mé orthu ó shin.
De réir mar a tháinig tuiscint chugam ar thábhacht an Cheant d’fhéiniúlacht an L.S. bheartaigh mé an oiread de a bhailiú agus a scrúdú agus a d’fhéadfainn. Chuige sin, ar feadh 30 bliain chaitheas cuid mhaith ama agus dúthrachta ag taisteal ó cheann ceann na tíre agus mé ag bualadh le baill den chomplacht siúil agus á dtaifeadadh.
Chuala Roinnchigire de chuid na Roinne Oideachais faoina raibh ar siúl agam agus d’iarr orm sleachta as mo bhailiúcháin a roghnú a léireodh saol agus saíocht an L.S. a chur ar chaisín fuaime (casette) le go bhféadfaí cóip a chur chuig achan scoil ina raibh ranganna speisialta do na páistí siúil.
Maidir leis na daoine atá luaite sna taifid, baineann Edward Ward agus Ann Ward-Sherlock le Réigiún labhartha Cheant an Iarthair agus is le Réigiún an Deiscirt a bhaineann Muintir Delaney, go háirithe le Cill Chainnigh. Caithfidh mé a rá gur bhailigh mé scoth an Cheant i ngach réigiún sa tír – Tuaisceart, Deisceart, Iarthar agus Oirthear a bhuí le cainteoirí a bhí gar dá sinsir ó thaobh an bhéarlagair de.
Tar éis cuid mhaith ama a chaitheamh ag cur agallamh ar Mhincéir/Mhisleoirí na hÉireann, dhírigh mé m’aird ar L.S. na hAlban agus Mheiriceá. Agus sna haltanna liom a foilsíodh in Irisleabhar Mhá Nuad déanaim anailís ar an ngaol atá ag na leaganacha éagsúla den sainteanga lena chéile. I dtaca leis sin, léirím, agus é bunaithe ar fhianaise thaifeadta, gur as Connachta thuaidh a tháinig formhór shinsir na Mincéar atá lonnaithe sa lá inniu in Georgia agus Mississippi Mheiriceá. Agus taispeánaim gur ón nGaeilge anallód a tháinig an Ceant, bíodh gur an-líonmhar iad líon na bhfocal Béarla atá ann faoi láthair.
Mar bhuille scoir, b’fhéidir go maithfí dom treise a thabhairt don tuairim a bhí ag an-chuid den sean-dream go raibh athrú chun caoile agus tanaíochta tagtha ar an gCeant lena linn a mbíodh cumas ann fadó smaointe a chur in iúl agus scéalta a inseacht gan stró, beag beann ar Bhéarla ná Gaeilge. Mar sin níor mhiste don dream óg, an teilifís agus an fón póca a mhúchadh anois is arís, ceisteanna a chur agus cluas le héisteacht a thabhairt don chineál Ceant atá ag an sean-dream. Go maire an Ceant go deo!
I can honestly say that since a very young age I‘ve had an interest in that group of people that used to be called Tinkers/Tinsmiths/Silversmiths and are now called Travellers.
I was reared in a rural area of County Clare and one of the highlights of my year was the annual visit of the Travelling People. They used to stay on a well-sheltered site close to our house.
For a young lad who only knew life on a farm in a small community there was a magic and mystery to these strange people. Where did they come from? Where were they going when they moved on after their few days with us? Their coloured caravans and low tents evoked freedom and romance, as did their independent and distinctive ways.
But there was one Travelling family that were warmly welcomed because their son was my age. A strong friendship forged between us – and that came about mostly through hurling.
As soon as they arrived myself and Máirtín were off together, pucking a sliotar and messing with each other. In games with local hurlers this Traveller boy was always the star. He had the best camán too.
That was how it was until I was a teenager, but when the twice-yearly visit of my friend didn’t happen I felt his absence keenly. And even though I questioned, to the best of my ability, I couldn’t get any news of him. It was a big blow to me.
The years passed. I qualified as a primary school teacher, got married to a Leitrim woman, had a family and became headmaster of Scoil Iognáid, an all-Irish school in Galway city. I was teaching 6th class and one of my students was Éamonn Mac a’Bhaird, or Éamonn Ward as he was known.
On one day – and it is a day I will never forget although I can’t remember the subject we were discussing – Éamonn put up his hand. It wasn’t to ask a question but to share information. It was enlightening to me, and to the whole class, when Éamonn told us that besides Irish, the language of the school, he had his own language.
That shocked us all – a young Traveller living in a caravan on the side of the road had three languages – something the other students wouldn’t get until they started secondary school.
In answer to my question he explained that his own language was like Irish in ways. For example, he told us, the animal that is called a ‘madra’ in Irish, a dog, is known as a ‘camra’ in the language of the Travelling People. When I wrote the two words ‘madra’ and ‘camra’ on the board it wasn’t long before the settled students – those living in houses – could see the similarities, and differences. The sound of the m at the beginning of the word moved to the middle, while a new sound ‘c’ was added to the front.
We asked Éamonn to give us more examples of this strange language. Apart from the word ‘leaicín’, like the Irish for a girl, ‘cáilín’, he wasn’t prepared to share any more with us because, as he said, he was forbidden to share the language with ‘country shams’. It was a secret language of communication only used among the Travelling People themselves.
Of course I didn’t put him under any pressure to share anymore, but I asked him to tell his parents that I would like to speak with them if they wouldn’t mind. The next day Éamonn’s mother came to the school and after explaining the story to her and her husband they suggested that I talk to Edward Ward, an uncle of Éamonn, as he had the best knowledge of Cant, the secret language of the Travelling People.
I was very lucky to meet Edward because not only did he have a broad understanding of Cant and of the life and ways and crafts of the travelling people, he was someone with an interest in every aspect of local and national life. We became good friends and I regret that he never got the see the fruits of the seed that he and his nephew Éamonn planted over forty years ago. May he, his wife Bidí, and the many members of the Travelling People who have passed away since I met them, rest in peace.
As I grew to understand the importance of Cant to the identity of the Travelling People I decided to collect and study as much of it as I could. To that end I spent over 30 years travelling the country, meeting and recording members of the travelling community.
The Divisional Inspector of the Department of Education heard about what I was doing and asked me to choose some extracts from my collection to illustrate the life and ways of the Travelling People, and to put it on cassette so that he could send a copy to every school that had a special class for traveller children.
In terms of the people mentioned on the recording, Edward Ward and Ann Ward-Sherlock are associated with the western region and the Delaney family are associated with the south, in particular with Kilkenny. I have to say that I collected excellent Cant from all parts of the country, north, south, east and west, thanks to those speakers who had spoken the language with their elders.
After spending a long time interviewing the Mincéirí/Misleoirí of Ireland I turned my attention to the travelling people in Scotland and America. In the articles I published in Irisleabhar Mhá Nuad I analysed the relationship between the various different versions of the language. As well as that, I show, based on recorded information, that the majority of descendants of the Mincéirí that are now based in Georgia and Mississippi came from Connacht. I also show that Cant came from Ancient Irish, albeit outnumbered by the English words that can be found in it now.
Finally, I should note the opinion that was held by a lot of the older people that there was a change to the breadth available in Cant compared to what was there before, when it was possible to explain ideas and tell stories with no trouble and with little recourse to English or Irish. So, it would be no harm for the younger generations to turn off the television and the mobile phone and listen to the kind of Cant that the older people speak.